Rose-ringed parakeet	Status LU: established. 1st record: 2018.
	Kollisperruche1	Status Eur.: established.
	Perruche à collier	RA: ISEIA: C1. Harmonia+: n/a.
	Halsbandsittich	Wikipedia:    | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Halsbandparkiet	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) prefers habitats like parks, gardens and forests, especially those situated in suburban areas. However, as long as food supplies are adequate, enough cavities are available and temperatures do not drop too low, the species (also known as the ring-necked parakeet) is not restricted to the (sub)urban environment. This bird species has the potential to out-compete native cavity-nesting species for nest sites – effects on rare cavity-nesting birds are, however, not yet documented. In addition, the species could become a serious agricultural pest (fruit trees, vineyards, etc) and may carry diseases that could be harmful to poultry, other native fauna and humans (Anselin et al. 2009).

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) was first documented by a member of naturgucker.de on 25 December 2018 in Esch-sur-Alzette (GBIF, 2018; MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2020).

The first brood of the species in Luxembourg was observed on 10 July 2019 in the Clair-Chêne forest in Esch/Alzette.

There is no distribution map available because no data has been entered into the Recorder-Lux database so far (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2020).

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

C1 (3+1+1+1) (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Not assessed yet.

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• • Anselin, A., E. Branquart, D. Strubbe & A. Weiserbs, 2009. Harmonia database: Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769). Harmonia version 1.2, Belgian Forum on Invasive Species. URL: http://ias.biodiversity.be [accessed 2020-04-22]
  • CABI, 2019. Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-22]
  • GBIF, 2018. naturgucker.de. naturgucker. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/uc1apo accessed via GBIF.org on 2020-04-22. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2329619741
  • MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2020. Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) in MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [accessed 2020-04-22]
  • Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]
  • Weiss, J., 2015. Liste der Luxemburger Vogelnamen. Regulus Wissenschaftliche Berichte 29 (2014): 69-79. [PDF 1.1 MB]

 Page content last updated on 2024-10-28. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2019-11-29.

1. Cf. Weiss 2015: 76.[↩]

	Pumpkinseed	Status LU: established. 1st record: 1996.
	Gewéinlech Sonnepiisch	Status Eur.: established.
	Perche soleil	RA: ISEIA: C2. Harmonia+: n/a.
	Gemeiner Sonnenbarsch	Wikipedia:     | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Zonnebaars	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Introduced to Europe from North America in the late 1800s (Maes, 1898), Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) is now established in a minimum of 28 countries in Europe and Asia Minor (Copp and Fox, 2007), with a population reported for Brazil and possibly also Chile. Initial reports (early 1900s) mentioned large specimens but with repeated introductions needed for establishment. Later in the 1930s, the species was blamed for the decline of native Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), but this hypothesis was never tested. There is little direct evidence of adverse impacts except from Iberia. Few parasites are reported, though non-native monogeneans have been reported for Norwegian and English populations. Invasiveness in L. gibbosus appears to be a function of juvenile growth (length at age two) and age at maturity, with invasive populations reported almost exclusively for southern Europe, However, even in northern Europe, L. gibbosus may represent a considerable proportion of the fish assemblage in water bodies that have been subjected to human impacts. The species is not listed on any conservation alert list (CABI 2019).

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) was first documented by Julius Troschel on 19th July 1996 in Syr/Syre north of Medingen (municipality of Contern), in Syr/Syre in Schrassig (municipality of Schuttrange) and in the delta of Lennéngerbach in Ehnen (municipality of Wormeldange) (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2020).

During river surveys in 2005, the species was documented in 6 out of 68 sampling spots in the rivers Alzette, Moselle and Syre. 57 observations of the species are documented in the national database in 2024 ((MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2024).

Management

Action plan

An action plan regarding the species has been published in 2020:

→ Finalised Action Plan for Lepomis gibbosus (Pfeiffenschneider & Hoppe 2020)

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

C2 (2+2+2+2) (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Not assessed yet.

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• Administration de la gestion de l’eau, 2010. Les poissons au Luxembourg, Cartographie des poissons, lamproies et écrevisses du grand-duché de Luxembourg, 213 pp.
• CABI, 2019. Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-22]
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2020. Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) in MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [accessed 2020-04-22]
• Pfeiffenschneider, M. & F. Hoppe 2020. Plan d’action pour espèces exotiques envahissantes au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg : Perche soleil, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758). Version 3.1 – 2021-01-22. Administration de la nature et des forêts, Luxembourg. 20 pp.
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]

 Page content last updated on 2024-07-31. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2019-11-27.

	Rainbow trout	Status LU: established. 1st record: 1887.
	Reeboufrell1	Status Eur.: established.
	Truite arc-en-ciel	RA: ISEIA: C2. Harmonia+: n/a.
	Regenbogenforelle	Wikipedia:      | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Regenboogforel	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) is a competitive trout species which can displace native trout species when introduced into new environments; the fisheries management literature is replete with papers that document this phenomenon. The fact that O. mykiss has been widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world for 125 years virtually guarantees that they have had a negative impact on biodiversity in areas outside their original distribution. Even within their native range, the indiscriminate planting of trout derived from coastal stocks into areas containing inland stocks has had a profound effect on population abundance of native strains of redband trout, cutthroat trout, bull trout and other native salmonids. Escapees from fish farms are an additional concern, but the most harm to biodiversity has resulted from fisheries management agencies planting O. mykiss over the past century (CABI 2019).

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) (Syn: Trutta iridea (Gibbons, 1855)) was introduced to Luxembourg in 1887: “On 2 July 1887 Mr. Koltz introduced the ‘rainbow trout’ (Trutta iridea) to us and released it in the Canacherbach (Anonym 1892; Feltgen 1902).²

During the river inventory of 1996/1997 the Rainbow trout was found in 33 spots. During a similar inventory in 2005, the species was only documented in two rivers: the Lower Syre (3 individuals) and the Reierbaach in the vicinity of Lasauvage (49 indivduals). The latter population indicates natural reproduction in the Reierbaach, which happens rarely in Europe (Administration de la gestion de l’eau 2010).

The introduction of the Rainbow trout was reduced considerably with, for example, a total ban in border rivers since 1986 (Administration de la gestion de l’eau 2010), resulting in the decline of the species in Luxembourg.

Currently, 59 records of in Luxembourg are accessible through the MNHNL-mdata portal (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2020).

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

C2 (1+2+1+1) (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Not assessed yet.

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• Administration de la gestion de l’eau (2010): Les poissons au Luxembourg, Cartographie des poissons, lamproies et écrevisses du grand-duché de Luxembourg. 213 pp.
• A.E., 1951. La truite arc-en-ciel dans les cours d’eau luxembourgeois. Service Information et presse, Bulletin d’information 5: 88-90. [PDF 544 KB]
• Anonym, 1892. Sitzung vom 8. Februar 1892. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 2, H. 1: 3. [eluxemburgensia]
• CABI, 2019. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-22]
• Feltgen, E., 1902. Vademecum des Luxemburger Fischereiliebhabers. P. Worré-Mertens, Luxemburg. 148 S.
• Klees, H., 1981. Luxemburger Tiernamen. Beiträge zur luxemburgischen Sprach- und Volkskunde XIV. Institut grand-ducal, Section de linguistique, de folklore et de toponymie. 2. Aufl. 131 S. Imprimerie Pierre Linden, Luxembourg.
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2020. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) in MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [accessed 2020-04-22]
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]

 Page content last updated on 2021-02-02. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2019-11-28.

1. Cf. Klees 1981: 26.[↩]
2. Original text: ‘Am 2. Juli 1887 wurde durch Hr. Koltz die “Regenbogenforelle” (Trutta iridea) bei uns eingeführt und im Canacherbach ausgesetzt.'[↩]

	Topmouth Gudgeon	Status LU: established. 1st record: 2005.
	Asiatesche Goujong1	Status Eur.: established. IAS of EU concern (2016).
	Goujon asiatique	RA: ISEIA: C1. Harmonia+: n/a.
	Blaubandbärbling	Wikipedia:    | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Blauwband	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Pseudorasbora parva Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 typically inhabits eutrophic ponds, ditches and muddy brooks rich in aquatic vegetation; it is sometimes found in larger streams and lakes. It is very tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions. This highly invasive fish in Europe is a healthy host for a deadly, non-specific pathogen (Sphaerothecum destruens) that poses a threat to the conservation of European fish diversity. Moreover, it consumes large quantities of planktonic crustaceans which results in a high exploitative competition with native fish species (e.g. indigenous gudgeon) and an increase in the biomass of phytoplankton, and further in increasing eutrophication of water bodies (Anseeuw et al. 2007).

IAS of Union concern

In 2016, Pseudorasbora parva Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 was added to the list of invasive alien species of Union concern (Anonymous 2016) which implies that member states shall take all necessary steps to prevent it’s unintentional introduction or spread.

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

Pseudorasbora parva Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 was first detected in Luxembourg during the systematic river inventory of 2005, when it was found in the upstream dam of the Upper Sauer Lake in Bavigne (Administration de la gestion de l’eau 2010).

Management

Action plan

An action plan concerning the species has been published in 2020:

→ Finalised Action Plan for Pseudorasbora parva (De Sousa 2020)

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

C1 (1+1+1+1) (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Not assessed yet.

Worldwide distribution

Fact sheet

PDF fact sheet of the Nature and Forestry Administration: FR | DE

Bibliography

• Administration de la gestion de l’eau, 2010. Les poissons au Luxembourg, Cartographie des poissons, lamproies et écrevisses du grand-duché de Luxembourg, 213 pp.
• Anonymous, 2016. Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2016/1141 of 13 July 2016 adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union L 189: 4-5.
• Anseeuw, D., E. Branquart, F. Lieffrig, J.-C. Micha, D. Parkinson & H. Verreycken, 2007. Harmonia database: Pseudorasbora parva Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Harmonia version 1.2, Belgian Forum on Invasive Species. URL: http://ias.biodiversity.be [accessed 2020-04-23]
• CABI, 2019. Pseudorasbora parva Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-22]
• De Sousa, T., 2020. Plan d’action pour espèces exotiques envahissantes au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg: le Goujon asiatique, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Version 2020-09-04. Administration de la nature et des forêts, Luxembourg. 21 pp.
• Klees, H., 1981. Luxemburger Tiernamen. Beiträge zur luxemburgischen Sprach- und Volkskunde XIV. Institut grand-ducal, Section de linguistique, de folklore et de toponymie. 2. Aufl. 131 S. Imprimerie Pierre Linden, Luxembourg.
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2020. Pseudorasbora parva Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 in MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [accessed 2020-04-22]
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]

 Page content last updated on 2024-07-31. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2019-11-28.

1. Goujong, Gründling cf. Klees 1981: 27.[↩]

Syn.: Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802

	American bullfrog	Status LU: absent.
	Nordamerikaneschen Ochsefräsch	Status Eur.: established. IAS of EU concern (2016).
	Ouaouaron, grenouille-taureau	RA: ISEIA: A0, Alert List. Harmonia+: n/a.
	Nordamerikanischer Ochsenfrosch	Wikipedia:    | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Amerikaanse brulkikker	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802 inhabits slow-running waters, permanent ponds and ditches with dense vegetation. In Belgium, it is often found in fish ponds. The introduction of the bullfrog outside its native range poses a threat to amphibian populations around the world. The frog negatively affects native amphibians through competition and predation (namely green frog populations). It also preys on many other species, including arthropods, molluscs, fish and birds (eggs and young). Its tadpoles contribute to the species’ negative impact on native biodiversity. Moreover, the bullfrog is frequently reported to be a healthy carrier of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, an emergent infectious disease that is highly virulent, has low host-specificity and has been implicated in numerous species extinctions and global amphibian declines. The species is included in the appendix under recommendation no.77 of the Council of Europe as a species which has proven to be a threat to biological diversity and for which eradication is strongly recommended (Branquart et al. 2013).

IAS of Union concern

In 2016, Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802 was added to the list of invasive alien species of Union concern (Anonymous 2016) which implies that member states shall take all necessary steps to prevent it’s unintentional introduction or spread.

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

To date, there is no documentation of the species in Luxembourg (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2020).

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

A0 (3+3+3+3) = Alert List (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Not assessed yet.

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• Anonymous, 2016. Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2016/1141 of 13 July 2016 adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union L 189: 4-5.
• Branquart E., A. Laudelout, G. Louette, Y. Martin & C. Percsy, 2013. Harmonia database: Rana catesbeiana. Harmonia version 1.2, Belgian Forum on Invasive Species. URL: http://ias.biodiversity.be [accessed on 2019-10-25]
• CABI, 2019. Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-21]
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2020. Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802 in MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [Accessed 2020-04-21]
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]

 Page content last updated on 2020-04-21. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2019-11-29.

	Brook trout	Status LU: established. 1st record: 1872.
	Bur-Séifrell1	Status Eur.: established.
	Truite mouchetée	RA: ISEIA: C1. Harmonia+: n/a.
	Bachsaibling	Wikipedia:    | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Bronforel	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Introductions of Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) began in the nineteenth century, to more than 40 countries in temperate areas on all continents, including the southern hemisphere. The brook trout is considered a poor to moderate invader. Potential impacts include predation on various species of amphibians, zooplankton and other invertebrates as well as increases in primary productivity, alteration of nutrient cycles, and hybridization with native species. This species is competitive, with broad dietary breadth, has a fast growth rate, often lacks predators or parasites, and is moderately tolerant of abiotic conditions. Introductions may lead to replacement of native salmonids (e.g. brown trout, Salmo trutta) (CABI 2019).

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) was first mentioned in 1872 by Alphonse de la Fontaine, who wrote that the brook trout occasionally enters the Moselle from time to time (De la Fontaine 1872).

The species was introduced in Luxembourg in 1902 in Limbach (Lintgen), Rollingerbach and Berschbach (Feltgen 1902).

In 2005, a systematic inventory of Luxembourg rivers only showed isolated individuals in the Alzette. There is no indication of reproduction of the species in Luxembourg.

The distribution map is not complete because records still have to be entered into the Recorder-Lux database (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2019).

Currently, 6 records of in Luxembourg are accessible through the MNHNL-mdata portal (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2020).

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

C1 (1+1+1+1) (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Not assessed yet.

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• Administration de la gestion de l’eau, 2010. Les poissons au Luxembourg, Cartographie des poissons, lamproies et écrevisses du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 2e éd. 213 pp.
• CABI, 2019. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-23]
• De la Fontaine, A., 1872. Faune du Pays du Luxembourg. Poissons. Publ. Inst. Roy. Gr.-D. Luxb. 8: 1-88.
• Feltgen, E., 1902. Vademecum des Luxemburger Fischereiliebhabers. P. Worré-Mertens, Luxemburg. 148 S.
• Klees, H., 1981. Luxemburger Tiernamen. Beiträge zur luxemburgischen Sprach- und Volkskunde XIV. Institut grand-ducal, Section de linguistique, de folklore et de toponymie. 2. Aufl. 131 S. Imprimerie Pierre Linden, Luxembourg.
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2019. MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [Accessed 2019-10-25]
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]

 Page content last updated on 2020-04-27.

1. Saibling cf. Klees 1981: 26.[↩]

	Zander	Status LU: established. 1st record: 1894.
	Zander	Status Eur.: established.
	Sandre doré européen	RA: ISEIA: B2, Watch List. Harmonia+: 0,22
	Zander	Wikipedia:    | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Snoekbaars	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) can be invasive in lakes, channels and slow running waters. The introduction of this predatory fish in Western Europe created a crash in some cyprinid fish communities. Populations of native piscivorous fish species (Esox lucius, Perca fluviatilis) were locally depleted due to interspecific competition. The pike-perch is also a vector of the Bucephalus polymorphus parasite, that can affect native cyprinid fish species; however, a massive outbreak of this parasite has never been reported from Belgium (Anseeuw et al. 2008).

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) was first documented in 1894 in the Moselle, probably near Ehnen in the municipality of Wormeldange, and in 1898 in the Sûre near Moersdorf, municipality of Mompach (Feltgen 1902).

Currently, 34 records of in Luxembourg are accessible through the MNHNL-mdata portal (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2020). Its most important populations are located in the Moselle and the Upper Sûre lake.

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

B2 (2+2+3+2) = Watch List (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Overall risk score 0,22 = (Overall Invasion score 0,84 x Overall Impact score 0,26) (evaluated by Carole Molitor, Roland Proess and Manou Pfeiffenschneider).

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• Administration de la gestion de l’eau, 2010. Les poissons au Luxembourg, Cartographie des poissons, lamproies et écrevisses du grand-duché de Luxembourg, 213 pp.
• Anseeuw D., E. Branquart, F. Lieffrig, J.-C. Micha, D. Parkinson & H. Verreycken, 2008. Harmonia database: Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758). Harmonia version 1.2, Belgian Forum on Invasive Species. URL: http://ias.biodiversity.be [accessed 2020-04-27]
• CABI, 2019. Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-27]
• Feltgen, E. (1902): Vademecum des Luxemburger Fischereiliebhabers. – P. Worré-Mertens, Luxemburg: 148 S.
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2020. Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) in MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [accessed 2020-04-27]
• Moris, J.P., 1900. Ein Wort über den Zander (Lucioperca Sandra), und sein Vorkommen in unsern Flüssen. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 10: 131-132. [PDF 88 KB]
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]

 Page content last updated on 2024-03-06.

	Raccoon dog	Status LU: casual. First record: 2021.
	Marderhond1	Status Eur.: established. IAS of EU concern (2017).
	Chien viverrin	RA: ISEIA: C1. Harmonia+: n/a.
	Marderhund	Wikipedia:    | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Wasbeerhond	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) often lives near water and prefers moist deciduous or mixed forests with abundant undergrowth. It may also occur in wetlands and in a mosaic of woodlands and agricultural areas. The raccoon dog is an opportunistic omnivore with a very wide food niche and is an excellent disperser. It has been reported to cause severe damage to amphibians, waterfowl colonies and tetraonid birds and may compete with native species such as red foxes and badgers.

The raccoon dog is a small canine species (weighing 3-7 kg) originally from East Asia. Between 1929 and 1955, about 9,000 raccoon dogs were released for hunting purposes in the European part of Russia and Ukraine. From there, the species spread rapidly westwards (Naturverwaltung, 2021).

IAS of Union concern

In 2017, Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) was added to the list of invasive alien species of Union concern (Anonymous, 2017) which implies that member states shall take all necessary steps to prevent its unintentional introduction or spread.

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

On 2021-02-03, a raccoon dog was officially recorded for the first time in Luxembourg, in Bettembourg (Naturverwaltung 2021, Schley et al 2021). It can be assumed that the raccoon dog has been sporadically present in the country for a long time; however, as the species is very discreet, it is often not detected for a long time. In recent years, the nature and forest administration has received several indications of raccoon dogs, which, however, were mostly unverifiable (Naturverwaltung 2012). In the few cases where photos or even roadkill were available, it was always a badger or raccoon; for the layman, the latter especially looks very similar to the raccoon dog at first sight. In Luxembourg, according to the 2011 hunting law, the raccoon dog may be hunted all year round – with the exception of the 6-week hunting rest period from 1 March to 15 April.

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

Following its first confirmed record in Luxembourg on 2021-02-03, the species has been reassessed on 2021-03-12 to C1 (3+3+1+1) by Manou Pfeiffenschneider & Christian Ries. Assessment before the appearance of the species in Luxembourg: C0 (3+3+1+1) (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Not assessed yet.

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• Anonymous, 2017. Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2017/1263 of 12 July 2017 updating the list of invasive alien species of Union concern established by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1141 pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union L 182: 37-39 (13.7.2017).
• CABI, 2019. Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-04-22]
• Hagen, S., 2021. E Marderhond zu Lëtzebuerg. De Panewippchen 134 (1/2021): 15.
• Kirsch, E., K. Klein, L. Bonblet, M. Weishaar, T. Duscher, T. De Sousa & M. Jacobs, 2021. Waschbären & Marderhunde in Luxemburg. 48 S. Hrsg.: Administration de la nature et des forêts (ANF) & Musée national d’histoire naturelle (MNHNL). [PDF >5 MB]
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2019. MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [Accessed 2019-10-25]
• Naturverwaltung (ed.), 2012. Technischer Bericht der Naturverwaltung betreffend Wildtiermanagement und Jagd, Nummer 2 (2012), 68 pp.
• Naturverwaltung (ed.), 2013. Jagbare Wildtierarten Luxemburgs. 96 pp.
• Naturverwaltung, 2021. Marderhund erstmals in Luxemburg nachgewiesen (08.02.2021). Communiqué de presse par courriel du Service information et presse du gouvernement luxembourgeois.
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]
• Schley, L., C. Schanck, M. Schaul & C. Sinner, 2001. Neubürger und Heimkehrer unter den Wildtieren Luxemburgs. Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung 26: 141-154.
• Schley L., M. Jacobs, T. De Sousa & J. Hatlauf, 2021. First record of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) in Luxembourg. Belgian Journal of Zoology 151: 57–61. https://doi.org/10.26496/bjz.2021.85
• Schley, L. & J. Herr, 2018. Säugetiere Luxemburgs. Natur&ëmwelt, Ministère du Développement durable et des Infrastructures & Administration de la nature et des forêts, Luxembourg, 220 p.
• Wörterbuchkommission (Hrsg.), 1987. Luxemburger Wörterbuch. 5 Bd. Im Auftrag der Grossherzoglichen Luxemburgischen Regierung. Linden, Luxemburg.

 Page content last updated on 2022-02-18. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2021-02-09.

1. The actual common name for martens is “Marder” (Schley & Herr 2018) → “Marderhond”. An outdated name, occasionally used by older people, is “Mardéier” (Wörterbuchkommission 1987) → “Mardéierhond”.[↩]

	Red-eared slider	Status LU: established. 1st record: ?
	Routbaken-Deckelsmouk	Status Eur.: established. IAS of EU concern (2016).
	Tortue de Floride	RA: ISEIA: C1. Harmonia+: 0,10
	Rotwangen-Schmuckschildkröte	Wikipedia:    | Wikispecies:
	Roodwangschildpad	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1839) is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider and is popular as a pet across the world. Because of this, they are the most commonly traded turtle in the world. Red-eared sliders are native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but have become established in other places because of pet releases, and have become an invasive species in many areas where they outcompete native species. The red-eared slider is included in the list of the world’s 100 most invasive species published by the IUCN. When they mature they can inflict painful bites, leading irresponsible owners to release them into the wild with negative ecological, social and, economic impacts (Wikipedia contributors 2020).

The competitive advantages of the slider may include lower age at maturity, higher fecundity, and larger adult body size. Turtles may compete for food, egg-laying sites, or basking places. Other studies have also shown red-eared sliders to compete with indigenous species for food and basking sites. Competitive interactions between T. scripta elegans and the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) are of particular interest, as the latter is registered as an endangered species (Appendix II of the Bern Convention). Turtles introduced near Paris were revealed to have consumed aquatic plants and animals (mostly arthropods and molluscs). Continuous releasing of exotic pet turtles in natural ecosystems increases the risk of parasite transmission to native species; the red-eared slider is known to carry nematodes. Reptiles, including turtles, are well-recognised reservoirs for Salmonella, and are a source of human salmonellosis (Global Invasive Species Database 2020).

IAS of Union concern

In 2016, the species Trachemys scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff, 1792), to which belongs the present subspecies Trachemys scripta elegans, was added to the list of invasive alien species of Union concern (Anonymous 2016) under it’s synonym Trachemys scripta (Schoepff, 1792). This implies that member states shall take all necessary steps to prevent it’s unintentional introduction or spread.

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

Currently, 15 records of Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1839) in Luxembourg are accessible through the MNHNL-mdata portal (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2020).

Notwithstanding the EU import suspension of this species since 1997, every year new records of this turtle are reported in most European countries, due to ongoing dumping of animals formerly kept as pets into the wild. Occurrences in Luxembourg include the gravel pit area in Remerschen-Wintringen, the Lower Sauer close to Diekirch, the Brill area in Schifflange, the ponds Braakeweier (Kockelscheuer) and Gipsweieren (Bridel/Steinsel) and the Alzette north of Hunsdorf.

In 2024, some 340 records of the two subspecies Trachemys scripta scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff, 1792) and Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1839) in Luxembourg are accessible through the MNHNL-mdata portal (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2024).The status of these two taxa remains unclear though.

Invasive pond sliders have been observed climbing the platforms of waterbirds, especially great crested grebes (Podiceps cristatus), to sunbathe, thus preventing successful breeding (Konter 2020: 81). Although there is currently every indication that turtle hatchlings are unable to produce viable embryos in the climatic conditions currently prevailing in Luxembourg, this could change with global warming (De Sousa 2020).

 Page content last updated on 2024-07-31. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2019-11-29.

	American mink	Status LU: absent.
	Amerikaneschen Näerz1	Status Eur.: established.
	Vison d’Amérique	RA: ISEIA: A0, Alert List. Harmonia+: 0,21
	Amerikanischer Nerz, Mink	Wikipedia:     | Wikispecies: | CABI
	Amerikaanse nerts	Back to the list of vertebrates

Brief description

In both its native and introduced ranges, Neovison vison (Schreber, 1777) is commonly found on brook and riverbanks with dense vegetation, damp forests, reed beds and marshes. Individuals escaping from fur farms have established feral populations in many European countries. Whereas this species has already been observed in the wild several times in Belgium, it has not been reported to have developed viable populations so far. M. vison may severely reduce prey populations (salmonids, amphibians, waterfowl, rodents, etc.) and is a serious threat for red-listed ground-nesting birds. It is also suspected of displacing its relative, the European mink Mustela lutreola, and the European polecat Mustela putorius (Branquart et al. 2013).

The European mink became endangered in the 20th Century, as a result of hunting for the fur trade, habitat loss and invasive alien species, especially the American mink (Wikipedia contributors 2020).

Controversy on listing as IAS of Union concern

The American mink has been the subject of intense discussion, both within the EU Scientific Forum on IAS and the EU Committee on IAS, opposing Northern European countries where breeding for the fur trade is practised versus other EU member countries concerned by the impacts of the invasive species. Scientific reports (e.g. Roy 2017) and publications have emerged from this controversy. Some stakeholders expressed their consternation that the American mink  has not been included in the list (e.g. Swabe 2019).

Status and distribution in Luxembourg

The first documented occurrence of Neovison vison (Schreber, 1777) in Luxembourg dates from March 1993, when a mink was caught in a trap by a hunter in the vicinity of the village of Manternach (Municipality of Manternach). A second record dates back to 2013 (Schley & Herr 2019: 62), when the carcass of a sick animal was found in a forest near Esch-sur-Alzette and sent to the Nature and Forest Administration (Schley 2020).

It is not known whether there is an established population of American mink in Luxembourg (Schley 2001).

There is no distribution map available because no data has been entered into the Recorder-Lux database so far (MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF 2019).

Risk assessment

ISEIA protocol

A0 (3+3+3+2) = Alert List (Ries et al. 2014: 199).

Harmonia+ protocol

Overall risk score 0,21 = (Overall Invasion score 0,54 x Overall Impact score 0,39) (evaluated by Sandra Cellina, Jan Herr and Manou Pfeiffenschneider).

Worldwide distribution

Bibliography

• Branquart, E., M. D’aes, B. Manet, G. Motte, V. Schockert, J. Stuyck & K. Van Den Berge, 2013. Harmonia database: Mustela vison (Schreber, 1777). Harmonia version 1.2, Belgian Forum on Invasive Species. URL: http://ias.biodiversity.be [accessed on 2019-10-24]
• CABI, 2014. Neovison vison (Schreber, 1777) [text by ISSG, update by Santiago Palazón]. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. URL: www.cabi.org/isc [accessed 2020-02-04]
• MNHNL, iNaturalist & GBIF, 2019. MNHNL-mdata, online portal combining species observation from Recorder-Lux, iNaturalist and GBIF. National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg. URL: https://mdata.mnhn.lu [Accessed 2019-10-24]
• Naturverwaltung (ed.), 2013. Jagbare Wildtierarten Luxemburgs. 96 pp.
• Pir, J.B. & L. Schley, 2015. Développement des connaissances sur la répartition et l’écologie des mammifères au Luxembourg entre 1990 et 2015. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 116: 437-455.
• Ries, C., M. Pfeiffenschneider, Engel, E., J.-C. Heidt & M. Lauff, 2014. Environmental impact assessment and black, watch and alert list classification after the ISEIA Protocol of vertebrates in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 115: 195-201. [PDF 247 KB]
• Roy, S. 2017. Information on measures and related costs in relation to species considered for inclusion on the Union list: Neovison vison. Technical note prepared by IUCN for the European Commission.
• Schley, L., 2001. First Record of the American Mink Mustela vison (Mammalia, Mustelidae) in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 102: 45-48. [PDF 215 Kb]
• Schley, L., 2020. Personal communication by phone to C. Ries on 2020-02-04.
• Schley, L., C. Schanck, M. Schaul & C. Sinner, 2001. Neubürger und Heimkehrer unter den Wildtieren Luxemburgs. Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung 26: 141-154.
• Schley, L. & J. Herr, 2019. Säugetiere Luxemburgs. Hrsg.: natur&ëmwelt a.s.b.l., Ministère du développement durable et des infrastructures, Administration de la nature et des forêts. 219 S. ISBN 978-2-9199511-0-9 [French edition: Les mammifères du Luxembourg, ISBN 978-2-9199511-2-3]
• Swabe, J. 2019. Feedback from: Humane Society International/Europe (Netherlands) on the Updated list of invasive non-native species in the EU. Feedback reference F461527. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/initiatives/ares-2019-1565888/feedback/F461527_en?p_id=4101650
• Wikipedia contributors, 2020. ‘European mink’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_mink#Competition_with_the_American_Mink_and_disease [accessed 2020-02-05]

 Page content last updated on 2024-03-13. Last proofread by Caroline Grounds on 2019-11-28.

1. Näerz: cf. Wörterbuchkommission (Hrsg.), 1987. Luxemburger Wörterbuch. 5 Bd. Im Auftrag der Grossherzoglichen Luxemburgischen Regierung. Linden, Luxemburg.[↩]